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📜  合并 K 个已排序链表的 C++ 程序 – 第 1 组

📅  最后修改于: 2022-05-13 01:56:59.359000             🧑  作者: Mango

合并 K 个已排序链表的 C++ 程序 – 第 1 组

给定 K 个大小为 N 的已排序链表,将它们合并并打印排序后的输出。

例子:

Input: k = 3, n =  4
list1 = 1->3->5->7->NULL
list2 = 2->4->6->8->NULL
list3 = 0->9->10->11->NULL

Output: 0->1->2->3->4->5->6->7->8->9->10->11
Merged lists in a sorted order 
where every element is greater 
than the previous element.

Input: k = 3, n =  3
list1 = 1->3->7->NULL
list2 = 2->4->8->NULL
list3 = 9->10->11->NULL

Output: 1->2->3->4->7->8->9->10->11
Merged lists in a sorted order 
where every element is greater 
than the previous element.

方法1(简单):

方法:
一个简单的解决方案是将结果初始化为第一个列表。现在遍历从第二个列表开始的所有列表。将当前遍历列表的每个节点以排序的方式插入到结果中。

C++
// C++ program to merge k sorted
// linked lists of size n each
#include 
using namespace std;
  
// A Linked List node
struct Node 
{
    int data;
    Node* next;
};
  
/* Function to print nodes in a 
   given linked list */
void printList(Node* node)
{
    while (node != NULL) 
    {
        printf("%d ", node->data);
        node = node->next;
    }
}
  
// The main function that takes an 
// array of lists arr[0..last] and 
// generates the sorted output
Node* mergeKLists(Node* arr[], 
                  int last)
{
    // Traverse form second list to last
    for (int i = 1; i <= last; i++) 
    {
        while (true) 
        {
            // Head of both the lists,
            // 0 and ith list.
            Node *head_0 = arr[0], 
                 *head_i = arr[i];
  
            // Break if list ended
            if (head_i == NULL)
                break;
  
            // Smaller than first element
            if (head_0->data >= head_i->data) 
            {
                arr[i] = head_i->next;
                head_i->next = head_0;
                arr[0] = head_i;
            }
            else
                // Traverse the first list
                while (head_0->next != NULL) 
                {
                    // Smaller than next element
                    if (head_0->next->data >= 
                        head_i->data) 
                    {
                        arr[i] = head_i->next;
                        head_i->next = head_0->next;
                        head_0->next = head_i;
                        break;
                    }
                    // go to next node
                    head_0 = head_0->next;
  
                    // if last node
                    if (head_0->next == NULL) 
                    {
                        arr[i] = head_i->next;
                        head_i->next = NULL;
                        head_0->next = head_i;
                        head_0->next->next = NULL;
                        break;
                    }
                }
        }
    }
    return arr[0];
}
  
// Utility function to create 
// a new node.
Node* newNode(int data)
{
    struct Node* temp = new Node;
    temp->data = data;
    temp->next = NULL;
    return temp;
}
  
// Driver code
int main()
{
    // Number of linked lists
    int k = 3;
  
    // Number of elements in each list
    int n = 4;
  
    // an array of pointers storing the
    // head nodes of the linked lists
    Node* arr[k];
  
    arr[0] = newNode(1);
    arr[0]->next = newNode(3);
    arr[0]->next->next = newNode(5);
    arr[0]->next->next->next = newNode(7);
  
    arr[1] = newNode(2);
    arr[1]->next = newNode(4);
    arr[1]->next->next = newNode(6);
    arr[1]->next->next->next = newNode(8);
  
    arr[2] = newNode(0);
    arr[2]->next = newNode(9);
    arr[2]->next->next = newNode(10);
    arr[2]->next->next->next = newNode(11);
  
    // Merge all lists
    Node* head = mergeKLists(arr, k - 1);
  
    printList(head);
  
    return 0;
}


C++
// C++ program to merge k sorted
// linked lists of size n each
#include 
using namespace std;
  
// A Linked List node
struct Node 
{
    int data;
    Node* next;
};
  
/* Function to print nodes in a 
   given linked list */
void printList(Node* node)
{
    while (node != NULL) 
    {
        printf("%d ", node->data);
        node = node->next;
    }
}
  
/* Takes two lists sorted in increasing order, 
   and merge their nodes together to make one 
   big sorted list. Below function takes O(n) 
   extra space for recursive calls, */
Node* SortedMerge(Node* a, Node* b)
{
    Node* result = NULL;
  
    // Base cases 
    if (a == NULL)
        return (b);
    else if (b == NULL)
        return (a);
  
    // Pick either a or b, and recur 
    if (a->data <= b->data) 
    {
        result = a;
        result->next = SortedMerge(a->next, b);
    }
    else 
    {
        result = b;
        result->next = SortedMerge(a, b->next);
    }
  
    return result;
}
  
// The main function that takes an 
// array of lists arr[0..last] and 
// generates the sorted output
Node* mergeKLists(Node* arr[], int last)
{
    // Repeat until only one list is left
    while (last != 0) 
    {
        int i = 0, j = last;
  
        // (i, j) forms a pair
        while (i < j) 
        {
            // merge List i with List j and 
            // store merged list in List i
            arr[i] = SortedMerge(arr[i], arr[j]);
  
            // consider next pair
            i++, j--;
  
            // If all pairs are merged, update 
            // last
            if (i >= j)
                last = j;
        }
    }
  
    return arr[0];
}
  
// Utility function to create 
// a new node.
Node* newNode(int data)
{
    struct Node* temp = new Node;
    temp->data = data;
    temp->next = NULL;
    return temp;
}
  
// Driver code
int main()
{
    // Number of linked lists
    int k = 3; 
  
    // Number of elements in 
    // each list
    int n = 4; 
  
    // An array of pointers storing 
    // the head nodes of the linked lists
    Node* arr[k];
  
    arr[0] = newNode(1);
    arr[0]->next = newNode(3);
    arr[0]->next->next = newNode(5);
    arr[0]->next->next->next = newNode(7);
  
    arr[1] = newNode(2);
    arr[1]->next = newNode(4);
    arr[1]->next->next = newNode(6);
    arr[1]->next->next->next = newNode(8);
  
    arr[2] = newNode(0);
    arr[2]->next = newNode(9);
    arr[2]->next->next = newNode(10);
    arr[2]->next->next->next = newNode(11);
  
    // Merge all lists
    Node* head = mergeKLists(arr, k - 1);
  
    printList(head);
  
    return 0;
}


输出:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

复杂性分析:

  • 时间复杂度: O(nk 2 )
  • 辅助空间: O(1)。
    因为不需要额外的空间。

方法2:最小堆
更好的解决方案是使用基于 Min Heap 的解决方案,这里讨论了数组。该解决方案的时间复杂度为O(nk Log k)
方法三:分而治之
在这篇文章中,讨论了分而治之的方法。这种方法不需要额外的堆空间并且工作在 O(nk Log k)
众所周知,两个链表的合并可以在 O(n) 时间和 O(n) 空间内完成。

  1. 这个想法是配对 K 个列表并使用 O(n) 空间在线性时间内合并每一对。
  2. 在第一个循环之后,剩下 K/2 个列表,每个列表的大小为 2*N。在第二个循环之后,留下 K/4 个列表,每个列表的大小为 4*N,依此类推。
  3. 重复这个过程,直到我们只剩下一个列表。

下面是上述思想的实现。

C++

// C++ program to merge k sorted
// linked lists of size n each
#include 
using namespace std;
  
// A Linked List node
struct Node 
{
    int data;
    Node* next;
};
  
/* Function to print nodes in a 
   given linked list */
void printList(Node* node)
{
    while (node != NULL) 
    {
        printf("%d ", node->data);
        node = node->next;
    }
}
  
/* Takes two lists sorted in increasing order, 
   and merge their nodes together to make one 
   big sorted list. Below function takes O(n) 
   extra space for recursive calls, */
Node* SortedMerge(Node* a, Node* b)
{
    Node* result = NULL;
  
    // Base cases 
    if (a == NULL)
        return (b);
    else if (b == NULL)
        return (a);
  
    // Pick either a or b, and recur 
    if (a->data <= b->data) 
    {
        result = a;
        result->next = SortedMerge(a->next, b);
    }
    else 
    {
        result = b;
        result->next = SortedMerge(a, b->next);
    }
  
    return result;
}
  
// The main function that takes an 
// array of lists arr[0..last] and 
// generates the sorted output
Node* mergeKLists(Node* arr[], int last)
{
    // Repeat until only one list is left
    while (last != 0) 
    {
        int i = 0, j = last;
  
        // (i, j) forms a pair
        while (i < j) 
        {
            // merge List i with List j and 
            // store merged list in List i
            arr[i] = SortedMerge(arr[i], arr[j]);
  
            // consider next pair
            i++, j--;
  
            // If all pairs are merged, update 
            // last
            if (i >= j)
                last = j;
        }
    }
  
    return arr[0];
}
  
// Utility function to create 
// a new node.
Node* newNode(int data)
{
    struct Node* temp = new Node;
    temp->data = data;
    temp->next = NULL;
    return temp;
}
  
// Driver code
int main()
{
    // Number of linked lists
    int k = 3; 
  
    // Number of elements in 
    // each list
    int n = 4; 
  
    // An array of pointers storing 
    // the head nodes of the linked lists
    Node* arr[k];
  
    arr[0] = newNode(1);
    arr[0]->next = newNode(3);
    arr[0]->next->next = newNode(5);
    arr[0]->next->next->next = newNode(7);
  
    arr[1] = newNode(2);
    arr[1]->next = newNode(4);
    arr[1]->next->next = newNode(6);
    arr[1]->next->next->next = newNode(8);
  
    arr[2] = newNode(0);
    arr[2]->next = newNode(9);
    arr[2]->next->next = newNode(10);
    arr[2]->next->next->next = newNode(11);
  
    // Merge all lists
    Node* head = mergeKLists(arr, k - 1);
  
    printList(head);
  
    return 0;
}

输出:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

复杂性分析:

假设 N(n*k) 是节点的总数,n 是每个链表的大小,k 是链表的总数。

  • 时间复杂度: O(N*log k) 或 O(n*k*log k)
    作为函数mergeKLists() 中的外部 while 循环运行 log k 次,并且每次它处理 n*k 个元素。
  • 辅助空间: O(N) 或 O(n*k)
    因为在 SortedMerge() 中使用了递归并合并最后 2 个大小为 N/2 的链表,所以将进行 N 次递归调用。

请参阅有关 Merge K 排序链表的完整文章 |设置 1 了解更多详情!