📜  Java程序查找最小插入以形成回文| DP-28

📅  最后修改于: 2022-05-13 01:56:04.446000             🧑  作者: Mango

Java程序查找最小插入以形成回文| DP-28

给定字符串str ,任务是找到要插入的最小字符数以将其转换为回文。

在我们继续之前,让我们通过几个例子来理解:

  • ab:所需的插入次数为 1 即b ab
  • aa:所需的插入次数为 0,即 aa
  • abcd:所需的插入次数为 3 即dcb abcd
  • abcda:所需的插入次数为 2,即dc bcda,它与子串 bcd 中的插入次数相同(为什么?)。
  • abcde:所需的插入次数为 4 即edcb abcde

让输入字符串为str[l……h] 。问题可以分解为三个部分:

  1. 求子串 str[l+1,…….h] 中的最小插入次数。
  2. 求子串 str[l…….h-1] 中的最小插入次数。
  3. 求子串 str[l+1……h-1] 中的最小插入次数。

递归方法:字符串str[l.....h]中的最小插入次数可以给出为:

  • minInsertions(str[l+1…..h-1]) 如果 str[l] 等于 str[h]
  • min(minInsertions(str[l…..h-1]), minInsertions(str[l+1…..h])) + 1 否则

下面是上述方法的实现:

Java
// A Naive recursive Java program to find
// minimum number insertions needed to make
// a string palindrome
class GFG
{
    // Recursive function to find minimum
    // number of insertions
    static int findMinInsertions(char str[],
                                 int l, int h)
    {
        // Base Cases
        if (l > h)
            return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
 
        if (l == h)
            return 0;
 
        if (l == h - 1)
            return (str[l] == str[h]) ? 0 : 1;
 
        // Check if the first and last characters
        // are same. On the basis of the  comparison
        // result, decide which subproblem(s) to call
        return (str[l] == str[h])?
                findMinInsertions(str, l + 1, h - 1):
               (Integer.min(findMinInsertions(str, l, h - 1),
                findMinInsertions(str, l + 1, h)) + 1);
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String str= "geeks";
        System.out.println(
        findMinInsertions(str.toCharArray(),
                          0, str.length()-1));
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh


Java
// A Java solution for Dynamic Programming
// based program to find minimum number
// insertions needed to make a string
// palindrome
import java.util.Arrays;
 
class GFG
{
    // A DP function to find minimum number
    // of insertions
    static int findMinInsertionsDP(char str[],
                                   int n)
    {
        // Create a table of size n*n. table[i][j]
        // will store minimum number of insertions
        // needed to convert str[i..j] to a palindrome.
        int table[][] = new int[n][n];
        int l, h, gap;
 
        // Fill the table
        for (gap = 1; gap < n; ++gap)
        for (l = 0, h = gap; h < n; ++l, ++h)
            table[l][h] = (str[l] == str[h])?
                           table[l+1][h-1] :
                          (Integer.min(table[l][h-1],
                                 table[l+1][h]) + 1);
 
        // Return minimum number of insertions
        // for str[0..n-1]
        return table[0][n-1];
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String str = "geeks";
        System.out.println(
        findMinInsertionsDP(str.toCharArray(),
                            str.length()));
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh


Java
// An LCS based Java program to find minimum
// number insertions needed to make a string
// palindrome
class GFG
{
    /* Returns length of LCS for X[0..m-1],
       Y[0..n-1]. See http://goo.gl/bHQVP for
       details of this function */
    static int lcs(String X, String Y,
                   int m, int n)
    {
        int L[][] = new int[m+1][n+1];
        int i, j;
 
        /* Following steps build L[m+1][n+1] in
           bottom up fashion. Note that L[i][j]
           contains length of LCS of X[0..i-1]
           and Y[0..j-1] */
        for (i = 0; i <= m; i++)
        {
            for (j = 0; j <= n; j++)
            {
                if (i == 0 || j == 0)
                    L[i][j] = 0;
 
                else if (X.charAt(i-1) ==
                         Y.charAt(j-1))
                    L[i][j] = L[i-1][j-1] + 1;
 
                else
                    L[i][j] = Integer.max(L[i-1][j],
                                          L[i][j-1]);
            }
        }
 
        /* L[m][n] contains length of LCS for
           X[0..n-1] and Y[0..m-1] */
        return L[m][n];
    }
 
    // LCS based function to find minimum number
    // of insertions
    static int findMinInsertionsLCS(String str,
                                    int n)
    {
        // Using StringBuffer to reverse a String
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(str);
        sb.reverse();
        String revString = sb.toString();
 
        // The output is length of string minus
        // length of lcs of str and it reverse
        return (n - lcs(str, revString , n, n));
    }
 
    // Driver program to test above functions
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String str = "geeks";
        System.out.println(
        findMinInsertionsLCS(str, str.length()));
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh


输出:

3

基于动态规划的解决方案
如果我们仔细观察上述方法,我们会发现它表现出重叠的子问题。
假设我们想找到字符串“abcde”中的最小插入次数:

abcde
            /       |      
           /        |        
           bcde         abcd       bcd  <- case 3 is discarded as str[l] != str[h]
       /   |          /   |   
      /    |         /    |    
     cde   bcd  cd   bcd abc bc
   / |   / |  /| / | 
de cd d cd bc c………………….

粗体子串表示递归将被终止,递归树不能从那里开始。相同颜色的子字符串表示重叠的子问题。

如何重用子问题的解决方案?记忆技术用于避免类似的子问题召回。我们可以创建一个表来存储子问题的结果,以便在再次遇到相同的子问题时可以直接使用它们。
下表表示字符串abcde 的存储值。

a b c d e
----------
0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 
0 0 0 1 2 
0 0 0 0 1 
0 0 0 0 0

如何填表?
表格应以对角线方式填充。对于字符串abcde, 0….4,应按以下顺序填充表格:

Gap = 1: (0, 1) (1, 2) (2, 3) (3, 4)

Gap = 2: (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4)

Gap = 3: (0, 3) (1, 4)

Gap = 4: (0, 4)

下面是上述方法的实现:

Java

// A Java solution for Dynamic Programming
// based program to find minimum number
// insertions needed to make a string
// palindrome
import java.util.Arrays;
 
class GFG
{
    // A DP function to find minimum number
    // of insertions
    static int findMinInsertionsDP(char str[],
                                   int n)
    {
        // Create a table of size n*n. table[i][j]
        // will store minimum number of insertions
        // needed to convert str[i..j] to a palindrome.
        int table[][] = new int[n][n];
        int l, h, gap;
 
        // Fill the table
        for (gap = 1; gap < n; ++gap)
        for (l = 0, h = gap; h < n; ++l, ++h)
            table[l][h] = (str[l] == str[h])?
                           table[l+1][h-1] :
                          (Integer.min(table[l][h-1],
                                 table[l+1][h]) + 1);
 
        // Return minimum number of insertions
        // for str[0..n-1]
        return table[0][n-1];
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String str = "geeks";
        System.out.println(
        findMinInsertionsDP(str.toCharArray(),
                            str.length()));
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh

输出:

3

时间复杂度: O(N^2)
辅助空间: O(N^2)

另一种动态规划解决方案(最长公共子序列问题的变体)
寻找最小插入的问题也可以使用最长公共子序列(LCS)问题来解决。如果我们找出字符串的 LCS 和它的倒数,我们就知道有多少个最大字符可以形成一个回文。我们需要插入剩余的字符。以下是步骤。

  1. 求输入字符串的 LCS 长度及其倒数。设长度为“l”。
  2. 所需的最小插入次数是输入字符串的长度减去“l”。

下面是上述方法的实现:

Java

// An LCS based Java program to find minimum
// number insertions needed to make a string
// palindrome
class GFG
{
    /* Returns length of LCS for X[0..m-1],
       Y[0..n-1]. See http://goo.gl/bHQVP for
       details of this function */
    static int lcs(String X, String Y,
                   int m, int n)
    {
        int L[][] = new int[m+1][n+1];
        int i, j;
 
        /* Following steps build L[m+1][n+1] in
           bottom up fashion. Note that L[i][j]
           contains length of LCS of X[0..i-1]
           and Y[0..j-1] */
        for (i = 0; i <= m; i++)
        {
            for (j = 0; j <= n; j++)
            {
                if (i == 0 || j == 0)
                    L[i][j] = 0;
 
                else if (X.charAt(i-1) ==
                         Y.charAt(j-1))
                    L[i][j] = L[i-1][j-1] + 1;
 
                else
                    L[i][j] = Integer.max(L[i-1][j],
                                          L[i][j-1]);
            }
        }
 
        /* L[m][n] contains length of LCS for
           X[0..n-1] and Y[0..m-1] */
        return L[m][n];
    }
 
    // LCS based function to find minimum number
    // of insertions
    static int findMinInsertionsLCS(String str,
                                    int n)
    {
        // Using StringBuffer to reverse a String
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(str);
        sb.reverse();
        String revString = sb.toString();
 
        // The output is length of string minus
        // length of lcs of str and it reverse
        return (n - lcs(str, revString , n, n));
    }
 
    // Driver program to test above functions
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String str = "geeks";
        System.out.println(
        findMinInsertionsLCS(str, str.length()));
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh

输出:

3

时间复杂度: O(N^2)
辅助空间:O(N^2)

请参阅有关形成回文的最小插入的完整文章 | DP-28 了解更多详情!