工业中矿物酸的用途

汉弗莱戴维在 1815 年通过证明氢是酸的基本成分，对现代酸碱概念做出了重大贡献。大约在同一时间，Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 得出结论，酸是可以中和碱的物质，这两类物质只能相互定义。 1884 年，Carl Axel Arrhenius 将酸定义为溶于水产生氢阳离子的化合物，将碱定义为溶于水产生氢氧根阴离子的化合物。

酸和碱是可以在任何地方找到的常见解决方案。除了水，我们日常生活中遇到的几乎每一种液体都含有酸性和碱性两种特性。它们具有完全不同的特性，可以反应形成水。

酸的分类

有机酸和无机酸是酸的两种基本类型。无机酸是无机酸的别称。有机酸作为一类，不如无机酸强。两者的主要区别在于化合物中是否存在碳。无机酸不会。

1. 无机或无机酸：无机酸是无机酸的别称。无水形式可以是气态或固态。无机酸酐是可以与水反应形成无机酸的准金属氧化物。例如硫酸
2. 有机酸：有机酸具有极强的腐蚀性和毒性。腐蚀性是酸接触的组织的一种毒性。有机酸及其衍生物用于描述范围广泛的物质。它们用于几乎所有类型的化学品生产。因为有机酸基团成员的化学结构不同。例如乙酸

什么是矿物酸？

A mineral acid, also known as an inorganic acid, is any acid generated from an inorganic molecule that dissociates in water to create hydrogen ions (H+). Mineral acids are very soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. The inorganic acids are extremely corrosive.

硫酸、盐酸和硝酸是常用的无机酸的例子（它们也称为台式酸）。无机酸的强度范围从超强酸（高氯酸）到非常弱的（硼酸）。无机酸在水中具有高溶解度，但不溶于有机溶剂。

矿物酸的性质

1. 无机酸以其溶解性和腐蚀性而著称。
2. 无机酸通常溶于水，但不溶于有机溶剂。
3. 它们具有极强的腐蚀性。
4. 矿物酸来源于非生物来源，例如矿物质。
5. 大多数无机酸是强酸。
6. 无机酸的结构可能含有也可能不含碳原子。

Application of Mineral acids in Industry

• Sulphuric acid is used in the production of fertilisers, paints, dyes, detergents, and other products.
• Nitric acid is used in the production of fertilisers, explosives, dyes, and plastics.
• In the textile, food, and leather industries, hydrochloric acid is used to remove oxide film from steel objects.
• Mineral acids are used as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic, in many sectors of the chemical industry. Large amounts of these acids, particularly sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid, are produced for commercial use in large plants.
• Mineral acids are used directly for their corrosive properties as well. To remove deposits from the inside of boilers, for example, a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used, with precautions taken to prevent the acid from corroding the boiler. This is called descaling.
• Mineral acids, in conjunction with organic acids, are used to treat heavily polluted sewage sludge and to evaluate the remaining metal through sequential chemical extraction.
• They are also used to prepare stock solutions for laboratory workup procedures.
• Inorganic acids are excellent reagents for water removal in organic synthesis. They are used as catalysts in esterification reactions and have been used in the hydrolysis of cellulose.

示例问题

问题 1：对酸进行分类。

回答：

Organic and inorganic acids are the two basic types of acids. Mineral acids are another name for inorganic acids. Organic acids, as a class, are not as potent as inorganic acids. The main distinction between the two is the presence of carbon in the compound; inorganic acids do not.

• Inorganic or Mineral acids: Mineral acids are another name for inorganic acids. Anhydrous forms can be either gaseous or solid. An inorganic anhydride is a metalloid oxide that can react with water to form an inorganic acid. e.g. Sulphuric acid
• Organic acids: Organic acids are extremely corrosive and toxic. Corrosivity is a type of toxicity to the tissues that the acid comes into contact with. Organic acids and their derivatives are used to describe a wide range of substances. They are used in almost every type of chemical production. Because the chemical structures of the members of the organic acid group differ. e.g. Acetic acid

问题 2：定义除垢。

回答：

Mineral acids are used directly for their corrosive properties as well. To remove deposits from the inside of boilers, for example, a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used, with precautions taken to prevent the acid from corroding the boiler. This is called descaling.

问题 3：您将如何识别矿物酸？

回答：

A mineral acid is corrosive because it lacks carbon in its chemical structure. When it dissociates in water, it emits hydrogen. Organic solvents do not dissolve most mineral acids.

问题4：无机酸有哪些应用？

回答：

• Sulphuric acid is used in the production of fertilisers, paints, dyes, detergents, and other products.
• Nitric acid is used in the production of fertilisers, explosives, dyes, and plastics.
• In the textile, food, and leather industries, hydrochloric acid is used to remove oxide film from steel objects.
• Mineral acids are used as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic, in many sectors of the chemical industry. Large amounts of these acids, particularly sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid, are produced for commercial use in large plants.
• Mineral acids, in conjunction with organic acids, are used to treat heavily polluted sewage sludge and to evaluate the remaining metal through sequential chemical extraction.
• They are also used to prepare stock solutions for laboratory workup procedures.
• Inorganic acids are excellent reagents for water removal in organic synthesis. They are used as catalysts in esterification reactions and have been used in the hydrolysis of cellulose.

问题 5：给 Arrhenius 一个酸和碱的定义。

回答：

An acid, according to Arrhenius, is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ion, H⁺ (aq). When a base is added to water, it raises the concentration of the hydroxide ion, OH^– (aq).