📜  无向图到有向欧拉电路的转换(1)

📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:10:25.470000             🧑  作者: Mango

无向图到有向欧拉电路的转换

有向欧拉电路指的是经过图中每条有向边恰好一次的路径。而当我们面对一个无向图,需要将其转化为有向图以满足有向欧拉电路的条件时,我们可以使用以下方法。

首先,在无向图中,我们需要找到所有奇度数节点,将这些节点的度数减一,使得它们的度数变为偶数。因为在无向图中,每个节点的度数为偶数时,我们可以将它们分成两个集合,并在这两个集合之间来回走动,经过每条边恰好一次。

接着,我们可以将每个奇度数节点拆成两个节点,并在这两个节点间连一条有向边,使得图中的每个节点度数均为偶数。这样就将无向图转化为了有向图。

最后,我们可以使用Hierholzer's算法来找到有向欧拉回路。该算法的基本思路是贪心地遍历图中的每条边,如果当前节点的所有出边都已经被访问过了,就将该节点加入到遍历的序列中,然后倒序遍历序列,以此找到有向欧拉回路。

以下为Python的示例代码:

def undirected_to_directed_eulerian_circuit(graph):
    # Find all nodes with odd degrees and subtract 1 from their degrees.
    for node in graph:
        if len(graph[node]) % 2 == 1:
            graph[node].append("_dummy")
            graph["_dummy"] = [node]
            
    # Create a directed graph by replacing each node with two nodes
    # and adding a directed edge between them.
    directed_graph = {}
    for node in graph:
        if len(graph[node]) > 0:
            directed_graph[(node, 0)] = [(neighbor, 1) for neighbor in graph[node]]
            directed_graph[(node, 1)] = []
        else:
            directed_graph[(node, 0)] = []
    
    # Find an Eulerian circuit in the directed graph.
    circuit = []
    stack = [(next(iter(directed_graph)), None)]
    while stack:
        node, parent_direction = stack[-1]
        if len(directed_graph[node]) == 0:
            circuit.append(node[0])
            stack.pop()
        else:
            neighbor, direction = directed_graph[node].pop()
            if (neighbor, 1 - direction) != (node[0], parent_direction):
                stack.append(((neighbor, direction), parent_direction))
    
    # Combine directed edges that belong to the same undirected edge.
    eulerian_circuit = []
    for node1, node2 in zip(circuit[:-1], circuit[1:]):
        if isinstance(node1, tuple) and isinstance(node2, tuple) and node1[0] == node2[0]:
            if node1[1] == 0 and node2[1] == 1:
                eulerian_circuit.append(node1[0])
            elif node1[1] == 1 and node2[1] == 0:
                eulerian_circuit.append(node2[0])
        else:
            eulerian_circuit.append(node1)
    eulerian_circuit.append(circuit[-1][0])
    
    return eulerian_circuit[:-1]

以上为Python的示例代码,需注意一下几点:

  • 代码中使用了Python中的字典来表示图的邻接表。
  • "_dummy"节点是为了使奇度数节点数目为偶数而添加的虚拟节点。
  • 每个节点都被拆成了两个节点。
  • 在遍历的时候使用了栈,而不是递归或循环。
  • 最后需要将每对有向边恢复为无向边。

参考资料:

  • “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulerian_path”
  • “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierholzer%27s_algorithm”