在Python中创建目录

Python中的 OS 模块提供了与操作系统交互的功能。操作系统属于 Python 的标准实用程序模块。该模块提供了一种使用操作系统相关功能的可移植方式。 os和os.path模块包含许多与文件系统交互的函数。 os 模块中的所有函数在文件名和路径无效或不可访问的情况下，或具有正确类型但操作系统不接受的其他参数的情况下引发OSError 。

在 OS 模块中有不同的方法可用于创建导向器。这些都是 -

os.mkdir()
os.makedirs()

使用 os.mkdir()

Python中的os.mkdir()方法用于以指定的数字模式创建名为 path 的目录。如果要创建的目录已经存在，则此方法引发FileExistsError 。

Syntax: os.mkdir(path, mode = 0o777, *, dir_fd = None)

Parameter:
path: A path-like object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.
mode (optional): A Integer value representing mode of the directory to be created. If this parameter is omitted then default value Oo777 is used.
dir_fd (optional): A file descriptor referring to a directory. The default value of this parameter is None.
If the specified path is absolute then dir_fd is ignored.

Note: The ‘*’ in parameter list indicates that all following parameters (Here in our case ‘dir_fd’) are keyword-only parameters and they can be provided using their name, not as positional parameter.

Return Type: This method does not return any value.

编程需要懂一点英语

示例 #1：使用os.mkdir()方法创建目录/文件

# Python program to explain os.mkdir() method
  
# importing os module
import os
  
# Directory
directory = "GeeksforGeeks"
  
# Parent Directory path
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/"
  
# Path
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory)
  
# Create the directory
# 'GeeksForGeeks' in
# '/home / User / Documents'
os.mkdir(path)
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory)
  
# Directory
directory = "Geeks"
  
# Parent Directory path
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects"
  
# mode
mode = 0o666
  
# Path
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory)
  
# Create the directory
# 'GeeksForGeeks' in
# '/home / User / Documents'
# with mode 0o666
os.mkdir(path, mode)
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory)

输出：

Directory 'GeeksforGeeks' created
Directory 'Geeks' created

示例 #2：使用os.mkdir()方法时出错。

# Python program to explain os.mkdir() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# Directory 
directory = "GeeksForGeeks"
    
# Parent Directory path 
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/"
    
# Path 
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory) 
    
# Create the directory 
# 'GeeksForGeeks' in 
# '/home / User / Documents' 
os.mkdir(path) 
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory) 
    
# if directory / file that  
# is to be created already 
# exists then 'FileExistsError' 
# will be raised by os.mkdir() method 
    
# Similarly, if the specified path 
# is invalid 'FileNotFoundError' Error 
# will be raised

输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "gfg.py", line 18, in 
    os.mkdir(path)
FileExistsError: [WinError 183] Cannot create a file when that file /
                 /already exists: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks'

示例 #3：使用os.mkdir()方法时处理错误。

# Python program to explain os.mkdir() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# path 
path = 'D:/Pycharm projects / GeeksForGeeks'
    
# Create the directory 
# 'GeeksForGeeks' in 
# '/home / User / Documents' 
try: 
    os.mkdir(path) 
except OSError as error: 
    print(error)

输出：

[WinError 183] Cannot create a file when that file/
              /already exists: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks'

使用 os.makedirs()

Python中的os.makedirs()方法用于递归创建目录。这意味着如果缺少任何中间级目录，则在创建叶目录时， os.makedirs()方法将全部创建它们。
例如，考虑以下路径：

D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors/Nikhil

假设我们要创建目录“Nikhil”，但目录“GeeksForGeeks”和“Authors”在路径中不可用。然后os.makedirs()方法将在指定路径中创建所有不可用/丢失的目录。将首先创建“GeeksForGeeks”和“Authors”，然后创建“Nikhil”目录。

Syntax: os.makedirs(path, mode = 0o777, exist_ok = False)

Parameter:
path: A path-like object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.
mode (optional): A Integer value representing mode of the newly created directory. If this parameter is omitted then the default value Oo777 is used.
exist_ok (optional): A default value False is used for this parameter. If the target directory already exists an OSError is raised if its value is False otherwise not.

Return Type: This method does not return any value.

编程需要懂一点英语

示例 #1：使用os.makedirs()方法创建目录。

# Python program to explain os.makedirs() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# Leaf directory 
directory = "Nikhil"
    
# Parent Directories 
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors"
    
# Path 
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory) 
    
# Create the directory 
# 'Nikhil' 
os.makedirs(path) 
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory) 
    
# Directory 'GeeksForGeeks' and 'Authors' will 
# be created too  
# if it does not exists 
    
    
    
# Leaf directory 
directory = "c"
    
# Parent Directories 
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/a/b"
    
# mode 
mode = 0o666
    
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory) 
    
# Create the directory 'c' 
     
os.makedirs(path, mode) 
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory) 
    
    
# 'GeeksForGeeks', 'a', and 'b' 
# will also be created if 
# it does not exists 
    
# If any of the intermediate level 
# directory is missing  
# os.makedirs() method will 
# create them 
    
# os.makedirs() method can be  
# used to create a directory tree

输出：

Directory 'Nikhil' created
Directory 'c' created

示例 #2：

# Python program to explain os.makedirs() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# os.makedirs() method will raise 
# an OSError if the directory 
# to be created already exists 
    
       
# Directory 
directory = "Nikhil"
    
# Parent Directory path 
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors"
    
# Path 
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory) 
    
# Create the directory 
# 'Nikhil' 
os.makedirs(path) 
print("Directory '% s' created" % directory)

输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "gfg.py", line 22, in 
    os.makedirs(path)
  File "C:\Users\Nikhil Aggarwal\AppData\Local\Programs\Python/
       / \Python38-32\lib\os.py", line 221, in makedirs
    mkdir(name, mode)
FileExistsError: [WinError 183] Cannot create a file when that/
               / file already exists: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors\\Nikhil'

示例 #3：在使用 os.makedirs() 方法时处理错误。

# Python program to explain os.makedirs() method
  
# importing os module
import os
  
# os.makedirs() method will raise
# an OSError if the directory
# to be created already exists
# But It can be suppressed by
# setting the value of a parameter
# exist_ok as True
  
# Directory
directory = "Nikhil"
  
# Parent Directory path
parent_dir = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors"
  
# Path
path = os.path.join(parent_dir, directory)
  
# Create the directory
# 'Nikhil'
try:
    os.makedirs(path, exist_ok = True)
    print("Directory '%s' created successfully" % directory)
except OSError as error:
    print("Directory '%s' can not be created" % directory)
  
# By setting exist_ok as True
# error caused due already
# existing directory can be suppressed
# but other OSError may be raised
# due to other error like
# invalid path name

输出：

Directory 'Nikhil' created successfully