📜  Java中抽象类和接口的区别

📅  最后修改于: 2022-05-13 01:55:03.499000             🧑  作者: Mango

Java中抽象类和接口的区别

众所周知,抽象是指隐藏功能的内部实现,只向用户显示功能。即它的工作原理(显示),它是如何工作的(隐藏)。抽象类和接口都用于抽象,因此接口和抽象类是必需的先决条件

抽象类与接口

抽象类与接口

  • 方法类型:接口只能有抽象方法。抽象类可以有抽象方法和非抽象方法。从Java 8 开始,它也可以有默认和静态方法。
  • 最终变量: Java接口中声明的变量默认为最终变量。抽象类可能包含非最终变量。
  • 变量类型:抽象类可以有最终、非最终、静态和非静态变量。该接口只有静态和最终变量。
  • 实现:抽象类可以提供接口的实现。接口不能提供抽象类的实现。
  • 继承与抽象: Java接口可以使用关键字“implements”来实现,抽象类可以使用关键字“extends”进行扩展。
  • 多个实现:一个接口只能扩展另一个Java接口,一个抽象类可以扩展另一个Java类并实现多个Java接口。
  • 数据成员的可访问性:默认情况下, Java接口的成员是公共的。 Java抽象类可以具有私有、受保护等类成员。

示例 1-A:

Java
// Java Program to Illustrate Concept of
// Abstract Class
 
// Importing required classes
import java.io.*;
 
// Class 1
// Helper abstract class
abstract class Shape {
 
    // Declare fields
    String objectName = " ";
 
    // Constructor of this class
    Shape(String name) { this.objectName = name; }
 
    // Method
    // Non-abstract methods
    // Having as default implementation
    public void moveTo(int x, int y)
    {
        System.out.println(this.objectName + " "
                           + "has been moved to"
                           + " x = " + x + " and y = " + y);
    }
 
    // Method 2
    // Abstract methods which will be
    // implemented by its subclass(es)
    abstract public double area();
    abstract public void draw();
}
 
// Class 2
// Helper class extending Class 1
class Rectangle extends Shape {
 
    // Attributes of rectangle
    int length, width;
 
    // Constructor
    Rectangle(int length, int width, String name)
    {
 
        // Super keyword refers to current instance itself
        super(name);
 
        // this keyword refers to current instance itself
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
 
    // Method 1
    // To draw rectangle
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        System.out.println("Rectangle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    // Method 2
    // To compute rectangle area
    @Override public double area()
    {
        // Length * Breadth
        return (double)(length * width);
    }
}
 
// Class 3
// Helper class extending Class 1
class Circle extends Shape {
 
    // Attributes of a Circle
    double pi = 3.14;
    int radius;
 
    // Constructor
    Circle(int radius, String name)
    {
        // Super keyword refers to parent class
        super(name);
        // This keyword refers to current instance itself
        this.radius = radius;
    }
 
    // Method 1
    // To draw circle
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        // Print statement
        System.out.println("Circle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    // Method 2
    // To compute circle area
    @Override public double area()
    {
        return (double)((pi * radius * radius));
    }
}
 
// Class 4
// Main class
class GFG {
 
    // Main driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Creating the Object of Rectangle class
        // and using shape class reference.
        Shape rect = new Rectangle(2, 3, "Rectangle");
 
        System.out.println("Area of rectangle: "
                           + rect.area());
 
        rect.moveTo(1, 2);
 
        System.out.println(" ");
 
        // Creating the Objects of circle class
        Shape circle = new Circle(2, "Circle");
 
        System.out.println("Area of circle: "
                           + circle.area());
 
        circle.moveTo(2, 4);
    }
}


Java
// Java Program to Illustrate Concept of Interface
 
// Importing I/O classes
import java.io.*;
 
// Interface
interface Shape {
 
    // Abstract method
    void draw();
    double area();
}
 
// Class 1
// Helper class
class Rectangle implements Shape {
 
    int length, width;
 
    // constructor
    Rectangle(int length, int width)
    {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
 
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        System.out.println("Rectangle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    @Override public double area()
    {
        return (double)(length * width);
    }
}
 
// Class 2
// Helper class
class Circle implements Shape {
 
    double pi = 3.14;
    int radius;
 
    // constructor
    Circle(int radius) { this.radius = radius; }
 
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        System.out.println("Circle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    @Override public double area()
    {
 
        return (double)((pi * radius * radius));
    }
}
 
// Class 3
// Main class
class GFG {
 
    // Main driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Creating the Object of Rectangle class
        // and using shape interface reference.
        Shape rect = new Rectangle(2, 3);
 
        System.out.println("Area of rectangle: "
                           + rect.area());
 
        // Creating the Objects of circle class
        Shape circle = new Circle(2);
 
        System.out.println("Area of circle: "
                           + circle.area());
    }
}


输出
Area of rectangle: 6.0
Rectangle has been moved to x = 1 and y = 2
 
Area of circle: 12.56
Circle has been moved to x = 2 and y = 4

如果我们在矩形和圆形之间没有任何共同的代码怎么办,然后使用界面。

示例 1-B:

Java

// Java Program to Illustrate Concept of Interface
 
// Importing I/O classes
import java.io.*;
 
// Interface
interface Shape {
 
    // Abstract method
    void draw();
    double area();
}
 
// Class 1
// Helper class
class Rectangle implements Shape {
 
    int length, width;
 
    // constructor
    Rectangle(int length, int width)
    {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
 
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        System.out.println("Rectangle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    @Override public double area()
    {
        return (double)(length * width);
    }
}
 
// Class 2
// Helper class
class Circle implements Shape {
 
    double pi = 3.14;
    int radius;
 
    // constructor
    Circle(int radius) { this.radius = radius; }
 
    @Override public void draw()
    {
        System.out.println("Circle has been drawn ");
    }
 
    @Override public double area()
    {
 
        return (double)((pi * radius * radius));
    }
}
 
// Class 3
// Main class
class GFG {
 
    // Main driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Creating the Object of Rectangle class
        // and using shape interface reference.
        Shape rect = new Rectangle(2, 3);
 
        System.out.println("Area of rectangle: "
                           + rect.area());
 
        // Creating the Objects of circle class
        Shape circle = new Circle(2);
 
        System.out.println("Area of circle: "
                           + circle.area());
    }
}
输出
Area of rectangle: 6.0
Area of circle: 12.56

什么时候用什么?

如果这些陈述中的任何一个适用于您的情况,请考虑使用抽象类:

  • 在Java应用程序中,有一些相关的类需要共享一些代码行,那么您可以将这些代码行放在抽象类中,这个抽象类应该由所有这些相关类扩展。
  • 您可以在抽象类中定义非静态或非最终字段,以便通过方法访问和修改它们所属对象的状态。
  • 您可以期望扩展抽象类的类具有许多公共方法或字段,或者需要公共以外的访问修饰符(例如受保护和私有)。

如果这些陈述中的任何一个适用于您的情况,请考虑使用接口:

  • 它是完全抽象的,接口中声明的所有方法都必须由实现该接口的类来实现。
  • 一个类可以实现多个接口。它被称为多重继承。
  • 您想指定特定数据类型的行为,但不关心谁实现了它的行为。

您也可以参加有关此主题的测验